Goods & Services Tax GST (India) What is GST? Indirect Tax Law Explained
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Many carry out GST search to understand more about the term. In this article, we take a closer look at what is GST and the reason why it is making business and taxes simpler and easier
1. What is GST in India?
GST is known as the Goods and Services Tax. It is an indirect tax which has replaced many indirect taxes in India such as the excise duty, VAT, services tax, etc. The Goods and Service Tax Act was passed in the Parliament on 29th March 2017 and came into effect on 1st July 2017.
In other words,Goods and Service Tax (GST) is levied on the supply of goods and services. Goods and Services Tax Law in India is a comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based tax that is levied on every value addition. GST is a single domestic indirect tax law for the entire country.
Before the Goods and Services Tax could be introduced, the structure of indirect tax levy in India was as follows:
Buying Raw
Materials
VAT
Manufacture
Sale to
Wholesaler/Warehousing
VAT+Excise Duty
VAT
Final Sale to
Consumer
Sale to Retailer
VAT
Under the GST regime, the tax is levied at every point of sale. In the case of intra-state sales, Central GST and State GST are charged. All the inter-state sales are chargeable to the Integrated GST.
Now, let us understand the definition of Goods and Service Tax, as mentioned above, in detail.
Multi-stage
An item goes through multiple change-of-hands along its supply chain: Starting from manufacture until the final sale to the consumer.
Let us consider the following stages:
-
Purchase of raw materials
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Production or manufacture
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Warehousing of finished goods
-
Selling to wholesalers
-
Sale of the product to the retailers
-
Selling to the end consumers
Buying Raw
Materials
Manufacture
Sale to
Wholesale/Warehousing
Final sale to
Consumer
Sale to Retailer
The Goods and Services Tax is levied on each of these stages making it a multi-stage tax.
Value addition
Value Addition
Value addition
ABCD
Value addition
ABCD
Flour & Sugar Biscuits Label Biscuit
Fastzeal one-stop solution for all tax compliance
A manufacturer who makes biscuits buys flour, sugar and other material. The value of the inputs increases when the sugar and flour are mixed and baked into biscuits.
The manufacturer then sells these biscuits to the warehousing agent who packs large quantities of biscuits in cartons and labels it. This is another addition of value to the biscuits. After this, the warehousing agent sells it to the retailer.
The retailer packages the biscuits in smaller quantities and invests in the marketing of the biscuits, thus increasing its value. GST is levied on these value additions, i.e. the monetary value added at each stage to achieve the final sale to the end customer.
1. Destination-Based
Consider goods manufactured in Maharashtra and sold to the final consumer in Karnataka. Since the Goods and Service Tax is levied at the point of consumption, the entire tax revenue will go to Karnataka and not Maharashtra.
2. The Journey of GST in India
The GST journey began in the year 2000 when a committee was set up to draft law. It took 17 years from then for the Law to evolve. In 2017, the GST Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. On 1st July 2017, the GST Law came into force.
3. Objectives Of GST
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To achieve the ideology of ‘One Nation, One Tax’
GST has replaced multiple indirect taxes, which were existing under the previous tax regime. The advantage of having one single tax means every state follows the same rate for a particular product or service. Tax administration is easier with the Central Government deciding the rates and policies. Common laws can be introduced, such as e-way bills for goods transport and e-invoicing for transaction reporting. Tax compliance is also better as taxpayers are not bogged down with multiple return forms and deadlines. Overall, it’s a unified system of indirect tax compliance.
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To subsume a majority of the indirect taxes in India
India had several erstwhile indirect taxes such as service tax, Value Added Tax (VAT), Central Excise, etc., which used to be levied at multiple supply chain stages. Some taxes were governed by the states and some by the Centre. There was no unified and centralised tax on both goods and services. Hence, GST was introduced. Under GST, all the major indirect taxes were subsumed into one. It has greatly reduced the compliance burden on taxpayers and eased tax administration for the government.
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To eliminate the cascading effect of taxes
One of the primary objectives of GST was to remove the cascading effect of taxes. Previously, due to different indirect tax laws, taxpayers could not set off the tax credits of one tax against the other. For example, the excise duties paid during manufacture could not be set off against the VAT payable during the sale. This led to a cascading effect of taxes. Under GST, the tax levy is only on the net value added at each stage of the supply chain. This has helped eliminate the cascading effect of taxes and contributed to the seamless flow of input tax credits across both goods and services.
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To curb tax evasion
GST laws in India are far more stringent compared to any of the erstwhile indirect tax laws. Under GST, taxpayers can claim an input tax credit only on invoices uploaded by their respective suppliers. This way, the chances of claiming input tax credits on fake invoices are minimal. The introduction of e-invoicing has further reinforced this objective. Also, due to GST being a nationwide tax and having a centralized surveillance system, the clampdown on defaulters is quicker and far more efficient. Hence, GST has curbed tax evasion and minimized tax fraud from taking place to a large extent.
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To increase the taxpayer base
GST has helped in widening the tax base in India. Previously, each of the tax laws had a different threshold limit for registration based on turnover. As GST is a consolidated tax levied on both goods and services both, it has increased tax-registered businesses. Besides, the stricter laws surrounding input tax credits have helped bring certain unorganized sectors under the tax net. For example, the construction industry in India.
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Online procedures for ease of doing business
Previously, taxpayers faced a lot of hardships dealing with different tax authorities under each tax law. Besides, while return filing was online, most of the assessment and refund procedures took place offline. Now, GST procedures are carried out almost entirely online. Everything is done with a click of a button, from registration to return filing to refunds to e-way bill generation. It has contributed to the overall ease of doing business in India and simplified taxpayer compliance to a massive extent. The government also plans to introduce a centralized portal soon for all indirect tax compliance such as e-invoicing, e-way bills, and GST returns filing.
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An improved logistics and distribution system
A single indirect tax system reduces the need for multiple documentation for the supply of goods. GST minimizes transportation cycle times, improves supply chain and turnaround time, and leads to warehouse consolidation, among other benefits. With the e-way bill system under GST, the removal of interstate checkpoints is most beneficial to the sector in improving transit and destination efficiency. Ultimately, it helps in cutting down the high logistics and warehousing costs.
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To promote competitive pricing and increase consumption
Introducing GST has also led to an increase in consumption and indirect tax revenues. Due to the cascading effect of taxes under the previous regime, the prices of goods in India were higher than in global markets. Even between states, the lower VAT rates in certain states led to an imbalance of purchases in these states. Having uniform GST rates have contributed to overall competitive pricing across India and on the global front. This has hence increased consumption and led to higher revenues, which has been another important objective achieved.
4. Advantages Of GST
GST has mainly removed the cascading effect on the sale of goods and services. Removal of the cascading effect has impacted the cost of goods. Since the GST regime eliminates the tax on tax, the cost of goods decreases.
Also, GST is mainly technologically driven. All the activities like registration, return filing, application for refund and response to notice needs to be done online on the GST portal, which accelerates the processes.
Fastzeal GST
Advantage of GST
Removing the cascading effect of tax
Higher thereshold for GST registration
Composition scheme for small businesses
Simpelr online facilities for GST compliance
Relatively lesser comliance under GST
Defined treatment for e-commerce activities
Increased efficiency in logistics
Regulating the unorganised sectors
5. What are the components of GST?
There are three taxes applicable under this system: CGST, SGST & IGST.
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CGST: It is the tax collected by the Central Government on an intra-state sale (e.g., a transaction happening within Maharashtra)
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SGST: It is the tax collected by the state government on an intra-state sale (e.g., a transaction happening within Maharashtra)
-
IGST: It is a tax collected by the Central Government for an inter-state sale (e.g., Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu)
In most cases, the tax structure under the new regime will be as follows:
Transaction
New
Regime
Old Regime
Revenue Distribution
Sale within
the State
Sale to
another
State
VAT + Central Excise/Service tax
IGST
Central Sales Tax + Excise/Service Tax
Revenue will be shared equally between the Centre and the State
There will only be one type of tax (central) in case of inter-state sales. The Centre will then share the IGST revenue based on the destination of goods.
CGST + SGST
Illustration:
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Let us assume that a dealer in Gujarat had sold the goods to a dealer in Punjab worth Rs. 50,000. The tax rate is 18% comprising of only IGST.
In such a case, the dealer has to charge IGST of Rs.9,000. This revenue will go to Central Government.
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The same dealer sells goods to a consumer in Gujarat worth Rs. 50,000. The GST rate on goods is 12%. This rate comprises CGST at 6% and SGST at 6%.
The dealer has to collect Rs.6,000 as Goods and Service Tax, Rs.3,000 will go to the Central Government and Rs.3,000 will go to the Gujarat government since the sale is within the state.
6. Tax Laws before GST
In the earlier indirect tax regime, there were many indirect taxes levied by both the state and the centre. States mainly collected taxes in the form of Value Added Tax (VAT). Every state had a different set of rules and regulations.
Interstate sale of goods was taxed by the centre. CST (Central State Tax) was applicable in the case of inter-state sale of goods. The indirect taxes such as the entertainment tax, octroi and local tax were levied together by state and centre. These led to a lot of overlapping of taxes levied by both the state and the centre.
For example, when goods were manufactured and sold, excise duty was charged by the centre. Over and above the excise duty, VAT was also charged by the state. It led to a tax on tax effect, also known as the cascading effect of taxes.
The following is the list of indirect taxes in the pre-GST regime:
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Central Excise Duty
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Duties of Excise
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Additional Duties of Excise
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Additional Duties of Customs
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Special Additional Duty of Customs
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Cess
-
State VAT
-
Central Sales Tax
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Purchase Tax
-
Luxury Tax
-
Entertainment Tax
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Entry Tax
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Taxes on advertisements
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Taxes on lotteries, betting, and gambling
CGST, SGST, and IGST have replaced all the above taxes.
However, certain taxes such as the GST levied for the inter-state purchase at a concessional rate of 2% by the issue and utilisation of ‘Form C’ is still prevalent.
It applies to certain non-GST goods such as:
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Petroleum crude;
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High-speed diesel
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Motor spirit (commonly known as petrol);
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Natural gas;
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Aviation turbine fuel; and
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Alcoholic liquor for human consumption.
It applies to the following transactions only:
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Resale
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Use in manufacturing or processing
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Use in certain sectors such as the telecommunication network, mining, the generation or distribution of electricity or any other power sector
7. How Has GST Helped in Price Reduction?
During the pre-GST regime, every purchaser, including the final consumer paid tax on tax. This condition of tax on tax is known as the cascading effect of taxes.
GST has removed the cascading effect. Tax is calculated only on the value-addition at each stage of the transfer of ownership. Understand what the cascading effect is and how GST helps by watching this simple video:
The indirect tax system under GST will integrate the country with a uniform tax rate. It will improve the collection of taxes as well as boost the development of the Indian economy by removing the indirect tax barriers between states.
Illustration:
Based on the above example of the biscuit manufacturer, let’s take some actual figures to see what happens to the cost of goods and the taxes, by comparing the earlier GST regimes.
Tax calculations in earlier regime:
Action
Cost (Rs)
Tax rate at 10% (Rs)
Invoice Total (Rs)
Manufacturer
Warehouse adds a label and repacks at Rs.300
Retailer advertises at Rs.500
Total
2,040
1,800
1,400
444
1,000
100
140
204
1,540
2,244
2,244
1,100
The tax liability was passed on at every stage of the transaction, and the final liability comes to a rest with the customer. This condition is known as the cascading effect of taxes, and the value of the item keeps increasing every time this happens.
Tax calculations in current regime:
Action
Cost (Rs)
Tax rate at 10% (Rs)
Tax liability to
be diposited (Rs)
Invoice
Total (Rs)
Manufacturer
Warehouse adds label and repacks at Rs.300
Retailer advertises at Rs.500
1,000
1,300
1,800
130
180
100
100
30
50
1,430
1,980
1,980
1,100
Total
1,800
180
In the case of Goods and Services Tax, there is a way to claim the credit for tax paid in acquiring input. The individual who has already paid a tax can claim credit for this tax when he submits his GST returns.
In the end, every time an individual is able to claim the input tax credit, the sale price is reduced and the cost price for the buyer is reduced because of lower tax liability. The final value of the biscuits is therefore reduced from Rs.2,244 to Rs.1,980, thus reducing the tax burden on the final customer.